Text Analysis: Sentiment, Workflow, Data Viz, and more

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# Text Analysis:<br>Sentiment, Workflow, Data Viz, and more
### Quang Nguyen
### <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg> qntkhvn <br> <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/></svg> <span class="citation">@qntkhvn</span> <br> <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"/></svg> qntkhvn.netlify.app

---

## What is sentiment analysis?

-   **Sentiment**: feeling/opinion

-   **Sentiment analysis**: the use of NLP/ML/statistics to analyze the emotional tone (positive, negative, neutral) of a given text unit

-   Other names:

-   *opinion mining*
    
    -   *sentiment classification*
    
    -   *emotion AI*

---

## Examples

-   Books (novels)

-   Media content: newspaper articles, song lyrics, movie/tv show transcripts,...

-   Social media posts/comments (especially Twitter)

-   Customer reviews (hotels, restaurants,...)

---

## History

-   SA is a relatively young area of research

-   Public opinion analysis during WWII

-   Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), founded in 1962

-   Hatzivassiloglou and McKeown (1997): "Predicting the Semantic Orientation of Adjectives"

-   Turney (2002): "Thumbs Up or
Thumbs Down? Semantic Orientation Applied to Unsupervised Classification of Reviews"

-   Pang et. al. (2002): "Thumbs up? Sentiment Classification using Machine Learning
Techniques"

-   Turney and Litmann (2003): "Measuring
Praise and Criticism: Inference of Semantic Orientation from Association"

---

## History (cont'd)

-   SA is also a fast-growing field

-   According to Mantyla et. al. (2017):

-   About 7,000 papers have been published

-   99% of the papers have come after 2004

---

## Case Study: Airbnb Reviews - Cambridge, MA

A glimpse of the dataset

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    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">15523233</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">314412197</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-08-26</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">28104838</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Richard</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Mike’s place was a great location for me and my family to explore Boston. A short (10 mins) walk from The bustling Harvard Square, a short subway ride from there to centre of Boston.</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">1225831</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8895725</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-11-25</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">403089</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Bruce</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Paul and Larry are very considerate hosts, and their place is comfortable and well-equipped.  I was attending a conference at the Hynes in Boston, and the #1 bus was close by and very convenient.  Free parking at their house certainly beats $39/day at the Prudential Center!  I was also able to prepare some of my own meals for further cost savings.  Most of all, it's really pleasant to experience the city in a residential neighborhood.  I highly recommend this "comfy 1BR suite for business or pleasure!</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">4932029</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">314313623</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-08-26</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">116449651</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Alec</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Nora’s apartment is extraordinary. Beautifully put together, with all the necessary amenities and clear recommendations for local activities.</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">16013859</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">537387338</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-09-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">6376355</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Hezzy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Nice for a night. I wish shared bath accommodations in Cambridge were just cheaper though!</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">23769190</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">607229788</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2020-02-17</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">66340221</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Vishal</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Great place!</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
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(Data as of July 18, 2021. Source: http://insideairbnb.com/get-the-data.html)

---

## Workflow

(Source: Silge, Julia, and David Robinson. 2021. Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach. https://www.tidytextmining.com)

---

## Data Prep

A sample row from the original data

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<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
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<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Our short stay was perfect. The house is extremely close to Harvard buildings like the Museum of Natural History and the Science Center. Completely independent from the rest of the house, the rented facilities are big enough to stay and even work. A permit for parking in the street is supplied by Bernd. It will be our next rental in Cambridge for sure.</td></tr>
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---

Split `comments` into tokens, and convert the table into "one-token-per-row".

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<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">stay</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">was</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">perfect</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">the</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">house</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">is</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">extremely</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">close</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">to</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">harvard</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">buildings</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">like</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>

---

Remove stop words.

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  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">short</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">stay</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">perfect</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">house</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">extremely</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">close</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">harvard</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">buildings</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">museum</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">natural</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">history</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">science</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">center</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">326170</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8376671</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-10-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">438982</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sergio</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">completely</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>

---

## EDA

-   Total reviews over the years

-   Word frequency

---

---

---

## Sentiment analysis

-   Sentiment analysis dictionaries ("lexicons"):

-   `afinn`: scores between -5 (most negative) and 5 (most positive)
    
    -   `bing`: "positive", "negative"
    
    -   `nrc`: "positive", "negative", "anger", "anticipation", "disgust", "fear", "joy", "sadness", "surprise", "trust"
    
    -   `loughran`: "positive", "negative", "litigious", "uncertainty", "constraining", "superfluous" (for accounting & finance)

---

-   Get sentiment for each word, using Bing sentiment lexicon

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<table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">listing_id</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">id</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">date</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">reviewer_id</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">reviewer_name</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">word</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">sentiment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">16361055</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">668120483</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2020-09-26</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">39827094</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sarah</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">amazing</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">12489082</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">419683325</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-03-04</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">27867701</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Tessa</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">comfortable</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">19183167</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">244354550</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-03-18</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">128948662</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Jaden</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">nice</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">32055447</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">431208879</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-03-31</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">228816868</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Angel</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">popular</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">13156403</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">702729118</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2020-10-22</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">27922051</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Rosa</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">excellent</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">14251369</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">444227216</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-04-27</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">85650589</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Thomas</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">noisy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">negative</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">12220649</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">84744254</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2016-07-08</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">26337003</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Kyra</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">exceptional</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">3474824</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">23136923</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2014-11-23</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">23910258</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Lisa</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">recommend</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">24442402</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">444175927</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-04-27</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">80597464</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Amanda</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">spacious</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">4534572</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">339384675</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-10-21</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">211714480</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Colleen</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">perfect</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">12220649</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">439704107</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-04-19</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">68690106</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Philippe</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">recommend</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">19346436</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">210273202</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2017-11-08</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8059524</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Sara</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">clean</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">16146887</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">489832515</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-07-17</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">69996899</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Carlo</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">weakness</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">negative</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">21460557</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">289980046</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-07-13</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">28306072</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Caitlin</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">love</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">positive</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>

---

---

<b>WORDCLOUD</b>

</p>

---

## Sentiment vs. date/time

-   Obtain sentiment score from `afinn` lexicon

-   Plot average score vs. month

---

-   Recall: `$s_{a} \in \{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, \ 0, \ 1, \ 2, \ 3, \ 4, \ 5\}$`

<div id="fckceavkhg" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
<style>html {
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#fckceavkhg .gt_table {
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  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fckceavkhg .gt_heading {
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  text-align: center;
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  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

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      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black;">listing_id</th>
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  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">28988139</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">457193152</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-05-23</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">8214737</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Tegan Joseph</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">clean</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">6662157</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">508249692</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-08-12</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">1140295</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Amia</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">comfortable</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2</td></tr>
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<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">547586551</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-10-15</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">78615078</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Allison</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">nice</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">3</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">14536322</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">557274834</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-10-31</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">31998820</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Mayra</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">amazing</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">4</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">16842241</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">363357163</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-12-28</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">232275710</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Lorenzo</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">clean</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">33242374</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">465848742</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-06-08</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">215913636</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Ralene</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">noisy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">-1</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">6106691</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">111235376</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2016-10-30</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">76811411</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Louis</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">easy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">1</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">1893287</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">267715073</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-05-22</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">46717530</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Judy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">responsive</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">14974786</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">571008805</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-11-30</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">3686354</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Hathaway</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">perfect</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">3</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">33072838</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">493446940</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-07-22</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">12719744</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Thomas</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">easy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">1</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">715532</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">5342650</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2013-06-25</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">5916992</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Tziporah</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">regretted</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">-2</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">18676360</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">302468180</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2018-08-05</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">143853797</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Bingnan</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">helpful</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">20797694</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">464018797</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-06-04</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">12177218</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">John</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">helpful</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">4109594</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">532826615</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">2019-09-20</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">113133591</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">JianHua</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">happy</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">3</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>

---

---

## Other topics to explore

-   Expanding beyond one single word

-   Sentence sentiment

-   Relationships between words: n-grams, correlations, network analysis
    
-   Building a predictive model

-   Predict ratings from customer reviews
    
-   Comparing sentiments of different cities

---

## Cheers!

Slides/data/code are available on my site and GitHub.

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